Interactive rhythms across species: The evolutionary biology of animal chorusing and turn-taking

The study of human language is progressively moving toward comparative and interactive frameworks, extending the concept of turn‐taking to animal communication. While such an endeavor will help us understand the interactive origins of language, any theoretical account for cross‐species turn‐taking should consider three key points. First, animal turn‐taking must incorporate biological studies on animal chorusing, namely how different species coordinate their signals over time. Second, while concepts employed in human communication and turn‐taking, such as intentionality, are still debated in animal behavior, lower level mechanisms with clear neurobiological bases can explain much of animal interactive behavior. Third, social behavior, interactivity, and cooperation can be orthogonal, and the alternation of animal signals need not be cooperative. Considering turn‐taking a subset of chorusing in the rhythmic dimension may avoid overinterpretation and enhance the comparability of future empirical work

Societal Change and Values in Arab Communities in Israel: Intergenerational and Rural–Urban Comparisons

This study tested and extended Greenfield’s theory of social change and human development to adolescent development in Arab communities in Israel undergoing rapid social change. The theory views sociodemographic changes—such as contact with an ethnically diverse urban setting and spread of technology—as driving changes in cultural values. In one research design, we compared three generations, high school girls, their mothers, and their grandmothers, in their responses to value-assessment scenarios. In a second research design, we compared girls going to high school in an ethnically diverse city with girls going to school in a village. As predicted by the theory, a t test and ANOVA revealed that both urban life and membership in the youngest generation were significantly related to more individualistic and gender-egalitarian values. Regression analysis and a bootstrapping mediation analysis showed that the mechanism of change in both cases was possession of mobile technologies

What the brain 'Likes': neural correlates of providing feedback on social media.

Evidence increasingly suggests that neural structures that respond to primary and secondary rewards are also implicated in the processing of social rewards. The 'Like'-a popular feature on social media-shares features with both monetary and social rewards as a means of feedback that shapes reinforcement learning. Despite the ubiquity of the Like, little is known about the neural correlates of providing this feedback to others. In this study, we mapped the neural correlates of providing Likes to others on social media. Fifty-eight adolescents and young adults completed a task in the MRI scanner designed to mimic the social photo-sharing app Instagram. We examined neural responses when participants provided positive feedback to others. The experience of providing Likes to others on social media related to activation in brain circuity implicated in reward, including the striatum and ventral tegmental area, regions also implicated in the experience of receiving Likes from others. Providing Likes was also associated with activation in brain regions involved in salience processing and executive function. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the neural processing of social rewards, as well as the neural processes underlying social media use

A MODEL EXPLAINING BRAZILIAN SPIRITIST SURGERIES AND OTHER UNUSUAL, RELIGIOUS-BASED HEALINGS

This paper seeks to explain unusual surgeries performed withour antisepsis or anesthesia in which patients bleed but minimally when cut. experience little if any pain, do nor develop infections or other post-surgical complications and furthermore, recover. Operations performed by three Brazilian Spiritists healer-mediums are described. The explanation of the Kardecist-Spiritists, whose belief system informs the surgeries and other healings, is presented and examined. The author then seeks an objective, scientific explanation for the phenomena in recent developments in new fields within biomedicine and in psychosomatic healing. Ernest. L. Rossi's model (as developed in The Psychology oJlvfind-Body Healing) which focuses on information flow as a way to resolve the mind-body problem, is taken as a point of departure. Rossi proposes that hypnosis can be used therapeutically to introduce information ar the level of the psyche that is then transduced ro the endocrine system, the immune system, etc., activating them ro contribute to the healing process. Observing that hypnosis, as undersrood and used in the individualistic west, usually requires someone to induce a patient so that healing and therapy may be initiated (by suggestion), the aurhor then turns to the comparative record of anthropology to show that individuals regularly enter into trance states during religious rituals where they also are exposed to alternative real ities in which there are forces and beings believed able to both cause and cure illness. This information, it is hypothesized, is transmitted symbolically to the psyches of individuals in both words and images. The results of anthropological studies of the role of symbols in healing are summarized. Adding the cultural dimension of trance states induced during religious rimal in which suggestions that come from the alternative reality are transduced to the psyche of the individual and then to his/her endocrine. immune, and other systems, Rossi's model is expanded and hypothesized as an explanation for rhe surgeries and other supernaturally meditated healings. An experiment conducted to test the model is presented

Plus \u27IL\u27 Change, Plus \u27IL\u27 Reste Le Meme: Bartleby\u27s Lawyer and the Common Law

This article responds in part to Bryan Schwartz\u27s A Meditation on \u27Bartleby\u27 published in volume 22(3) of this Journal. The author here suggests that the Lawyer narrator of Herman Melville\u27s Bartleby, the Scrivener is not transformed by his contact with Bartleby. Rather, the story exemplifies the Lawyer\u27s unchanging reliance on and approval of common-law contract theory in order to identify and deal with societal problems

A Constitutional Limitation on the Enforcement of Judgments—Due Process and Exemptions

Since the Supreme Court\u27s decision in Sniadach v. Family Finance Corp., holding the Wisconsin prejudgment garnishment statute unconstitutional, courts and commentators have extensively considered constitutional limitations on creditors\u27 prejudgment remedies. Constitutional limitations on postjudgment remedies, however, have received scant attention even though statutes in every state specify property exempt from execution. The rationale for exempting property is to permit the judgment debtor (and his family) to maintain a minimum standard of living and continue as a productive member of society. To achieve this goal, the substantive provisions of exemption laws are to be liberally construed. But the procedural aspects of exemption laws may actually frustrate their policy. In addition, they may be unconstitutional. This Article will (1) examine whether, under Sniadach and other decisions, the procedural aspects of existing statutes conform to the requirements of due process and (2) propose a postjudgment seizure statute that poses no constitutional objections and fairly accommodates the interests of debtor and creditor

Coercive Collection Tactics—An Analysis of the Interests and the Remedies

In September 1971, over 130 billion dollars of consumer credit was outstanding, or over six hundred dollars for every man, woman, and child in the United States. Virtually every consumer in the country is in debt, either to a merchant for goods or services purchased, to a financer who has purchased a vendor’s commercial paper, or to a financer who has lent money directly to the consumer. Of these millions of persons in debt, an untold number will fail to pay the debt on the date it becomes due. For some the failure to pay will be justified because of some breach by the creditor, but for most the default will be unjustified. In either event the creditor is likely to attempt to collect the alleged debt. Because of the expense and delay involved in litigation, he is likely to employ extrajudicial tactics to compel payment. The purpose of this Article is to define the limits of permissible extrajudicial debt collection tactics and determine the adequacy of the remedies that have established these limits

Confessions of a Hard-Hat Junkie: Reflections on the Construction of Anheuser-Busch Hall

In this Article I will describe the process by which the Washington University School of Law has come now to occupy Anheuser-Busch Hall. By doing so, I hope to provide some insight and assistance to those at other schools who face similar projects